School Violence Essay - 1154 Words

Preventing school violence has been an issue in our society for so long it has almost become commonplace. According to an article on www.infoplease.com, since the year 2000, there have been a recorded 64 shooting related incidents that involved publicly occupied areas. That is an occurrence of almost five per year. Of those 64, 94% of these incidents were school related shootings. The violence goes from elementary schools all the way up to college universities. The statistics are not pretty by any means. So what are we to do? Should we institute better security? For all of these tragedies, it is time reasonable measures are finally taken to implement new methods of prevention and to address the school violence issues as a severely†¦show more content†¦Of the schools that have already implemented these checklists, many have begun to identify and suspend possible threats within the school. Of course, these threats are the students themselves. But what does this solve? What are the alternatives to using this checklist and helping a potentially dangerous student? Is this a solution or an excuse? The alternatives to profiling students can be divided up. You can have a parental approach, an approach by lawmakers, or a teacher’s approach. Seeking a parental approach is a touchy subject. An obvious positive parenting technique is that the parents are more involved in the lives of the children. That is so obvious it hurts. Many parents are not involved as much because of work, being a single parent, money, time, etc. If you are going to have a child in today’s society you should be prepared to do everything in your power to be involved. Carolyn Pereia, from the Educational Resources Information Center, suggests two things when raising children. Recognizing positive accomplishments and expectations academically and socially. â€Å"If key people in a child’s environment give clear and constant signals that violence is not the norm, children will be more likely to develop anti-violent patterns of behavior.† (Pereia 1) Being involved with your child is so much more than just going through the motions of daily lives. Parents need to do all that they are able when it comes to their children. There are experiments out thereShow MoreRelatedSchool Violence And Schools Violence2781 Words   |  12 PagesSchool violence has become a topic that many people are engaged in a debate about. It is difficult to make a definitive definition of school violence, because there are so very many components to it. For one thing, we can be sure that school violence and bullying is something that only takes place amongst peers; this type of violence typically does not involve adults, and happens as a result of interactions from school or within the peer group. This part of the definition seems obvious. However,Read MoreSchool Violence2444 Words   |  10 PagesSchool Violence Victoria Griffin Fayetteville State University The Importance to Be Aware Of School Violence in Education Today By Victoria Griffin December 1, 2014 Abstract: The importance of knowing about school violence, the cause of school violence, forms of school violence and they ways teacher can prevent school violence was observed. A recent act of school violence is announced and the content of why it is important for teachers to be aware of school violence. School violenceRead MorePrevention of School Violence717 Words   |  3 Pages Violence is a major issue in educational institutes. Over the years, school violence has continued to increase at an alarming rate. â€Å"Every year, 3 million young people in the United States fall victim to crimes at school. Almost 2 million of these incidents involve violence† (â€Å"The Challenge of School Violence†). Violence in schools must be prevented. Teachers and parents play a significant role in a student’s life, and they need to take a full on approach on having a healthy relationship with eachRead MoreThe Problem Of School Violence886 Words   |  4 Pages The somewhat recent event of Sandy Hook has been a major focus of debate among any serious discussion about school violence in America. Yet, just since Columbine, there has been over 100 school shootings, not including stabbing, rape, or even fist fights (in which there was serious injury or death). Despite this unprecedented level of aggression among our nation’s youth, the nation, in its entirety, has not dedicated an appropriate amount of time and energy to coming up with a solution. The bulkRead MoreSchool Violence1125 Words   |  5 PagesFinding a Solution to School Violence Anita Lopez Kaplan University CM-220 School is a place where children should go to learn, educate themselves, make lifelong friends and most importantly they should feel safe. The violence in schools has increased over the years and many schools aren’t sure how to handle this growing problem in an appropriate manner. School violence may come in various forms and some of the most common forms of school violence include physical abuses, bullying, brawlRead MoreSchool Violence2187 Words   |  9 PagesSchool Violence Violence in schools has spread widely throughout the nation. School violence is a big problem we are facing now. This has caused many problems among students, families’ faculty of schools and residents of the community. School violence includes gang activity, locker thefts, bullying and intimidation, gun use, assault, and drugs. In my paper I will discuss the reasons why violence in schools exists, describeRead MoreThe Violence Of Public Schools871 Words   |  4 PagesIn recent times, several mass shootings have occurred in several places. Sadly, public schools in America have been venues for these mass shootings. How do we reduce these shootings? How do we ensure that the lives of our kids are safe? These are the questions parents all over America are asking. A lot of suggestions have been made to the government concerning the issue of mass shootings. Some say government have to ban the purchase of guns, others say there should be background checks, while othersRead M oreEssay on School Violence837 Words   |  4 Pagesclassmates and one teacher. School violence changes our youths morals. From bullying to peer pressure, youth are exposed to school violence everyday. What is school violence? School violence varies from accounts of â€Å"death, homicide, suicide, weapon related violence, in the US.† (c1) School violence can occur to and from school, while attending a school sponsored event, on a bus, or at an activity. Violence in school goes back to the 1800s’. The first publicly funded schools for delinquents was builtRead More Essay on Gender and School Violence1060 Words   |  5 Pagesmost recent acts of violence by children have prompted us as a nation to look at the causes and possible solutions to this crisis in our schools. In fact, according to Public Agenda, a national organization that conducts public opinion research on educational issues, school safety was identified as the most important issue affecting schools by those surveyed (Johnson Immerwahr, 1994/1995). Yet school violence does not exist in a vacuum. It is directly related to the violence in our society. AndRead More School Violence Essay2056 Words   |  9 PagesSchool violence has become a matter of increasing concern in recent years. With the occurrence of incidents such as Columbine, more schools are becoming aware of and concerned with a rise in teenage/school violence. Violence is a broad term to define but in it’s simplest terms, can be defined as â€Å"a verbal, visual, or physical act intended to demean, harm, or infringe upon another’s civil rights,† (Kopka, 175). In 1977, the National Alliance for Safe Schools was founded by Peter Blauvelt. This

Case Study Apple Inc. - 990 Words

This research portfolio is about Apple Inc., a multinational company that has many operating locations in the world, such as China, Taiwan, Japan, Ireland, Europe, Australia and so on. This paper will focus on Apple s background information, its global operations and lastly, its employees and suppliers that help with the success of its daily operations. Apple Background Info Apple Inc. operates in many different countries in the world. There are three major countries that Apple operates in, which are Ireland, China, and the United States. Apple is set to hire an additional 1000 workers for its Irish operations (Mizroch, 2016). Most countries Apple operates from are members of some type of trade organization. China is a member of the IMF (Imf.org, 2016), a member of the World Bank (Worldbank.org, 2016) and a member of WTO (Wto.org, 2016). Ireland is a member of the IMF (Imf.org, 2016), a member of the World Bank (Worldbank.org, 2016) and a member of the WTO (Wto.org, 2016). United States is a member of the IMF (Imf.org, 2016), a member of the World Bank (Worldbank.org, 2016) and a member of the WTO (Wto.org, 2016). In addition, Apple operates in countries that are economically or politically risky as long as theirs great potential for viable profits. These three major countries that Apple operates from, follow the guidelines of these world trade institut ions even though I also believe that they are certain trade conflicts that must arise between these countries andShow MoreRelatedCase Study : Apple Inc.1349 Words   |  6 Pages Case Analysis: APPLE INC.: IPODS AND ITUNES Donna Martinelli TEXAS CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY September 3, 2014 Table of Contents Executive Summary..................................................................................................3 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 Defining the Challenge...............................................................................................3 Analyzing the case data....................Read MoreCase Study : Apple Inc. Essay1422 Words   |  6 PagesCase Study: Apple Apple Inc. focuses on the design, manufacture, and marketing of personal computers, mobile phones, multimedia devices, and portable music players. Apple Inc. offers consumers manufactured goods under the brand names Apple Watch, iPhone, iPad, Mac, iPod, and Apple TV. Enhancing the customer experience through their proprietary software applications iOS, X, OS, and watchOS brands; and services across their Apple Pay and iCloud products (Forbes.com, 2016). Explored in detail, Apple’sRead MoreApple Inc. Case Study1494 Words   |  6 PagesApple Inc. Case Study TABLE OF CONTENTS COMPANY OVERVIEW General Description Historical Outline Industry Current Challenges Ethics and Responsibility STRATEGIC INFORMATION Mission Statement Competition SWOT Analysis HISTORICAL FINANCIAL ANALYSIS Historical Financial Information Competitive Financial Analysis Summary FUTURE PLANS Competitive Advantage Recent Performance Business Environment Recommendations Zackery Butler, Connor Daugherty, Stanashia Davis, Gabrielle Drohan, and Lauren SpearsRead MoreCase Study : Apple Inc.1971 Words   |  8 PagesCritical Essay Introduction Apple Inc. is a globally recognised pioneer in the tech industry. It is a corporation that designs, develops and sells electronic products such as tablets, computers and phones. Founded by Ronald Wayne, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak in 1976, it is a multinational corporation with headquarters in Cupertino, California. Tim Cook has been CEO since Jobs’ passing in 2011. Labour conditions Despite its global recognition and status, Apple Inc. has come under scrutiny in recentRead MoreCase Study : Apple Inc.2083 Words   |  9 PagesBackground This paper presents a case study of Apple Inc. Apple Inc. is a technology based corporation with emphasis on computer software and hardware (MAC and Apps), tablets (IPad), smart phones (IPhone), and mp3 plays, (ITouch). Apple Inc. has grown tremendously over the years and ever since 2001 has expanded its brand and retail stores to over 375 stores/outlets globally. The business has seventy two thousand eight hundred employees in thirty eight countries. Apple Inc. has truly become one of theRead MoreCase Study : Apple Inc. Essay6014 Words   |  25 PagesIntroduction On a daily basis we all encounter all forms of technology. There are several technological corporations in the current industry but one stands out†¦.Apple Inc. Apple Inc. is an international corporation, situated in Cupertino, California. The company designs, manufactures and markets consumer electronics and computer software products. Apple is well known for its hardware products such as Macintosh computers, the iPod, the iPhone and its innovative software such as the Mac OS X operating systemRead MoreCase Study : Apple Inc.1943 Words   |  8 Pages Apple Inc was incorporated in 1977 by Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs. As a startup company Apple Inc went through several management changes and conflicts which caused the company to lose some of its competitive advantage against companies like Dell, Gateway and Microsoft. The company designs and manufactures various products in the computer and music industry. Apple being strictly a personal computer company decided to venture into marketing other products like the iPod, a digital music player, andRead MoreApple Inc Case Study851 Words   |  4 PagesApple inc. 1) Introduction Background and summary This article present the story of Steve Jobs and it’s Apple company through two aspects. From the company history perspective and the product industry perspective. On company history side: Apple was founded by two Steves. Apple board later fired Jobs and gradually went near bankruptcy. Till 1997, Apple brought back Jobs and became the most valuable company in the world in 2012. On the product industry side, Article dig into the fieldRead MoreCase Study : Apple Inc.1417 Words   |  6 Pageschanged the world with Apple Inc Company. Both of them was out of college, they were making so much money in the computer company Apple was started with introduction of computer I computer on April 1, 1976. Apple was incorporated January 3, 1977. The Apple II was introduced on April 16, 1977 at the first West Coast computer Faire. The Apple II was chosen to be the desktop platform for the ground breaking use call spreadsheet program. He was created a business market for the Apple II and gave home usersRead MoreCase Study : Apple Inc.1732 Words   |  7 PagesApple Inc. is a California based company that was incorporated in 1977. According to University of Oregon Investment Group, â€Å"Apple operates out of 8 different segments: Desktops, Portables, iPod, iPhone, iPad, other music related products and services, peripherals and other hardware, software, service and oth er sales† (2012). According to the company’s 2013 10-K, â€Å"Apple sells its products worldwide through its retail stores, online stores, and direct sales force, as well as through third-party cellular

Stakeholders According to Business Leaders free essay sample

The spirit of corporate citizenship suggests that a company that derives profit from the community has an obligation to contribute to its development. I t is reasonable to expect the principle of mutual obligation to apply to the business sector. John Howard, Prime Minister of Australia, 1998. (FN1). Debate has emerged regarding a shift of focus in the organizations relationships with its various stakeholder groups. In the past the company has been seen predominantly as an instrument of its owners. However, they point out that stakeholder theory does not necessarily presume that managers act as the rightful locus of corporate control and governance. Managers are often cast in the role of referees in the balance game between various stakeholders. This, however, does not take into account that managers are also employees and often investors. Therefore managers are themselves stakeholders, indeed a privileged class of stakeholder in the enterprise. (FN21) This suggests that managers may be motivated to practice opportunistic behavior. We will write a custom essay sample on Stakeholders According to Business Leaders or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Further, it leads to the argument that the subjective attitudes and motivations of managers may be a significant feature in organization-stakeholder relationships. Many authors claim that there is a lack of empirical research in the stakeholder area. (FN22) Marens, Wicks, and Huber suggest that looking more closely at specific stakeholder relationships would create a richer definition of a stakeholder managerial approach and help explain, even predict, the impact of this approach on performance. Several studies which examine stakeholder relations can, in fact, be found. FN23) Predominantly these studies investigate the link between stakeholder relationships and company performance. (FN24) It would appear that little attention has been given to the qualitative nature of specific stakeholder relationships. The present study examines the relationship between organizations and stakeholder groups as reported by the companys leaders. These groups include owners, employees, customers, supp liers, the environment, and community. The data that are presented and discussed in this paper focus on the community-stakeholder relationship. Open-ended questions were deliberately used in a semi-structured interview to allow the interviewee to define the various stakeholder groups themselves. The stakeholder group identified as community is particularly open to individual definition by business leaders due to the ambiguity which commonly surrounds the term. Community is an amorphous concept that the interviewers did not attempt to clarify. Under these conditions, therefore, community as a stakeholder entity is whatever the interviewee perceives it to be. The relationship described is a two-way relationship but it is defined from only one perspective. By allowing the interviewees to describe what they meant by community, and not imposing any external attributes in the term, we have minimized the impact of stakeholder-related attributes. METHODA study was undertaken to ascertain how Australian business leaders perceive their relationships with the wider community. A secondary aim of the research is to investigate the integration of social and environmental values in daily business activities. Twelve chief executive officers (CEOs) or managing directors from a range of companies were interviewed. These companies vary in terms of industry, organization size, ownership, organizational age, and structure (see Table 1). The CEOs were selected on the basis of accessibility and availability. A semi-structured interview schedule was used which incorporates 16 questions covering five areas of inquiry. The questions are open-ended and followed by neutral prompts. This schedule was used as an interview guide during an interview lasting between one and one and a half hours which was held at the CEOs offices. The interviews are analyzed using the editing approach to qualitative data. FN25) Editing analysis means that the researcher enters the text like an editor searching for meaningful segments: cutting, pasting, and rearranging until the reduced summary reveals the interpretive truth. The editing techniques have a cyclical quality: interpretations emerge from the analysis of a particular theme or category and then are repeatedly compared with the original textual data. This is called c onstant comparison, where eventually additional analysis no longer contributes in discovering anything new about a category.

Wireless communication Essay Example

Wireless communication Essay A type of wireless communication that is most familiar to mobile phones users. Its called cellular because the system uses many base stations to divide a service area into multiple cells. Cellular calls are transferred from base station to base station as a user travels from cell to cell. (Bellis) History * First concept introduced in 1947 * Incorporated technology from car phones * Purely theoretical and no technology existed to support * Dr.Martin Cooper, a Researcher for Motorola is credited with inventing the first cellular phone * The First Cell Phone The first cell phone was named the DynaTAC8000X. It was created by Martin Cooper in 1984. It took over a decade to develop and $100 million. There were only about 2,000of these cell phones available to the public. * Weight- 2 pounds could store only 30 phone numbers. Battery needed to be charged for 10 hours. Talk time- 1 hour! The phone cost $3,995!! Uses * Text messaging Entertainment Uses: Games, music (mp3 player), books (e-boo k), and digital television broadcast * Social Uses: phone  call, text message, wireless internet (access to e-mail, social networking websites) * Organization Uses: calendar, finance manager, address book, storage for data * Hospital Uses: Used to view image (x-ray, MRI, etc). Means  of communication between nurses and clinicians. * Museum Uses: audio guide is provided through cell phones. * Educational uses: mobile learning provides access to lectures and test preps. * Track the culprits, location of a person   Cell Phones revolutionized long distance calling, making it much more inexpensive for long distance communication. * Cell phone logs have also been helpful in court cases where they can be used as evidence. * Smart Phones arent only used for communication, but for organizing schedules, jotting down notes, playing music, games, checking the weather, and other applications How do mobile phones work? Mobile phones and their base stations transmit and receive signals using electromagnetic waves (also referred to as electromagnetic radiation or fields, or radio waves).Electromagnetic radiation is emitted by many natural and man-made sources and plays a very important part in our lives. All electromagnetic radiation consists of oscillating electric and magnetic fields and the frequency, for ? (nu), which is the number of times per second at which the waves oscillate, determines their properties and the use that can be made of them. Frequencies are measured in hertz or Hz, where 1 Hz is one oscillation per second,1 kHz or kilohertz is a thousand Hz, 1 MHz or megahertz is a million Hz, and 1 GHz or gigahertz is a thousand million Hz or 109 Hz.Frequencies between about 30 kHz and 300 GHz are widely used for telecommunication, including broadcast radio and television, and comprise the radiofrequency (RF) band. Cellular mobile phone services operate within the frequency ranges 872–960 MHz and 1710–1875 MHz. An RF wave used for radio communicat ion is referred to as a carrier wave. The information it carries – speech, computer data, etc – has to be added to the carrier wave in some way, a process known as modulation. The information can be transmitted in either analog/ Digital form. Mobile Net workA mobile phone sends and receives information (voice messages, fax, computer data, etc) by Radio communication. Radiofrequency signals are transmitted from the phone to the nearest base station and incoming signals are sent from the base station to the phone at a slightly different frequency. Once the signal reaches a base station it can be transmitted to the main telephone network, either by telephone cables or by higher frequency (such as 13, 23 or 38 GHz) radio links between an antenna (eg dish) at the base station and another at a terminal connected to the main telephone network.These microwave radio links operate at rather low power and with narrow beams in a direct line of sight between the antennas, so that a ny stray radiation from them is of much lower intensity than the lower frequency radiation transmitted to the phones. Radiation Pattern of a Cell tower Signals to and from mobile phones are usually confined to distances somewhat beyond the line of sight.They can reach into buildings and around corners due to various processes including reflection and diffraction, that allows the radiation to bend round corners to some degree, but the coverage area from a base station is partly governed by its distance to the antenna’s horizon. An ideal network may be envisaged as consisting of a mesh of hexagonal cells, each with a base station at its centre but in practice the coverage of each cell will usually depart appreciably from this because of the topography of the ground and the availability of sites for the base stations.The sizes of the cells are usually less than the 35 km maximum because obstruction by hills, buildings and other ground features reduces the effective range. Freque ncies are reused several cells away and the capacity of a network (the number of simultaneous phone calls which may be made) depends on the extent of the frequency spectrum available, the cell diameter and the ability of the system to work against a background of interference from other cells.To accommodate the steadily increasing volume of users, cell sizes have to be progressively reduced (for example, by using base station antennas of lower height and reduced power) so that the frequencies may be reused more often. Indeed in large cities, base stations may only be a few hundred metres apart. Power output of the base stations are naturally more powerful and continuous in nature and they are received at close quarters for a longer period of time. People are not supposed to reside within 100 meters from the base stations in urban areas and within 300 meters in rural areas.Measure of RF Density: A SAR value is a measure of the maximum energy absorbed by a unit of mass of exposed tiss ue of a person using a mobile phone, over a given time or more simply the power absorbed per unit mass. SAR values are usually expressed in units of watts per kilogram (W/kg) in either 1g or 10g of tissue CDMA mobiles like those of Reliance and Tata Indicom have 1 Watts output; The GSMA mobile like BSNL, Idea and Airtel have 2 Watts and the US Analogue mobiles have a power output of approximately 3. watts. The SAR rating of each individual phone model is now being displayed on all mobile phone packaging in both the US and the UK, which will enable users to make informed choices when purchasing a handset. SarValues. Com brings this important information free of charge to all cellular users and also provides useful links to other Websites containing information. Whatever the outcome of the mobile phone debate, it makes sense to use prudent measures to reduce your radiation exposure, if possible.An obvious way to accomplish this, is by choosing a phone with a lower Sar Value. The point is to show that SAR Is not a property of a device itself, but a combination of a device and the way it is used. Mobile phones are now a large part of our every day life, they are probably the most useful gadget ever invented! The thing is though, every now and again research comes forward suggesting that mobile phones should be used responsibly, as the evidences are fast coming up to be displayed having its impace in Human health, environment and society.Biological Effects : Many scientific studies have investigated possible health symptoms of mobile phone radiation. These studies are occasionally reviewed by some scientific committees to assess overall risks. A 2007 assessment published by the European CommissionScientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR ) concludes that the three lines of evidence, viz. animal, in vitro, and epidemiological studies, indicate that exposure to RF fields is unlikely to lead to an increase in cancer in humans. Thermal effects :One well-understood effect of microwave radiation is dielectric heating, in which any dielectric material (such as living tissue) is heated by rotations of polar molecules induced by the electromagnetic field. In the case of a person using a cell phone, most of the heating effect will occur at the surface of the head, causing its temperature to increase by a fraction of a degree. In this case, the level of temperature increase is an order of magnitude less than that obtained during the exposure of the head to direct sunlight. The brains blood circulation is capable of disposing of excess heat by increasing local blood flow.However, the cornea of the eye does not have this temperature regulation mechanism and exposure of 2–3 hours duration has been reported to produce cataracts in rabbits eyes at SAR values from 100-140W/kg, which produced lenticular temperatures of 41 °C. There were no cataracts detected in the eyes of monkeys exposed under similar conditions. Pre mature cataracts have not been linked with cell phone use, possibly because of the lower power output of mobile phones. Non-thermal effect: The communications protocols used by mobile phones often result in low-frequency pulsing of the carrier signal.Whether these modulations have biological significance has been subject to debate. Some researchers have argued that so-called non-thermal effects could be reinterpreted as a normal cellular response to an increase in temperature. The German biophysicist Roland Glaser, for example, has argued that there are several thermoreceptor molecules in cells, and that they activate a cascade of second and third messenger systems, gene expression mechanisms and production of heat shock proteins in order to defend the cell against metabolic cell stress caused by heat.The increases in temperature that cause these changes are too small to be detected by studies such as REFLEX, which base their whole argument on the apparent stability of thermal equil ibrium in their cell cultures. Other researchers believe the stress proteins are unrelated to thermal effects, since they occur for both extremely low frequencies (ELF) and radio frequencies (RF), which have very different energy levels.Another preliminary study published in 2011 by The Journal of the American Medical Association conducted using fluorodeoxyglucose injections and positron emission tomography concluded that exposure to radiofrequency signal waves within parts of the brain closest to the cell phone antenna resulted in increased levels of glucosemetabolism, but the clinical significance of this finding is unknown. Blood–brain barrier effects: Swedish researchers from Lund University (Salford, Brun, Persson, Eberhardt, and Malmgren) have studied the effects of microwave radiation on the rat rain. They found a leakage of albumin into the brain via a permeated blood–brain barrier. This confirms earlier work on the blood–brain barrier by Allan Frey, Osc ar and Hawkins, and Albert and Kerns. Other groups have not confirmed these findings in in vitro cell studies or whole animal studies, however Frey alleges that an editor determined that a researcher who claimed that his attempts to replicate Freys research had not validated Freys results had incorrectly interpreted his own results, and that his research had confirmed Freys results.Cancer: The International Journal of Epidemiology published a combined data analysis from a multi national population-based case-control study of glioma and meningioma, the most common types of brain tumour. The authors reported that the wall of capillaryblood vessels situated in the brain are very thin made up of single layer of endothelial cells. Microwaves trigger changes to protein structures in endothelial cells,allowing toxins to enter the brain and making them tumorous. Mobile phones can affect pacemakersUnder certain circumstances, mobile phones can have adverse effects on the function of pacemake rs, but the devices usually start working properly again once the phones are moved away, researchers in Turkey report. The most essential recommendation to patients according to thereport is that mobile phones must be kept at least 20 cm away from pacemakers. For this purpose, it is sufficient for patients not to use the ear on the side of the pacemaker while talking on the mobile phone and not to carry the mobile phone in the shirt pocket on the side of the pacemaker.Infertility Problems : Using a hands-free device with a cell phone may affect fertility if phone is kept close to the testicles, Cleveland Clinic researchers warn in the journal Fertility and Sterility. Men who use these hands-free devices tend to carry their cell phones in their pants pocket or clipped to their belts at the waist while in talk mode have impact on semen quality. As a result, they may be exposing their testicles to damaging radiofrequency electromagnetic waves, explains Ashok Agarwal, PhD, head of the a ndrology laboratory and the irector of the Center for Reproductive Medicine at the Glickman Urologoical and Kidney Institute at the Cleveland Clinic in Ohio. Cell Phones Effect on environment: We are living in an environment filled with artificial radiations. The electromagnetic radiation playing role in the decline of animal and insect population. The EMR is so powerful that it affects the biological systems of birds, insects, even humans. In September 2010, the ministry established a ten member committee under Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS) with director Asad Rahmani to study the impact of cell phone towers on birds and bees.This group of experts reviewed 919 studies performed in India and abroad. Of the 919 studies, 593 showed the negative impact of mobile towers on birds, bees, humans, wildlife and plants. Effect on farm animals * Dairy cows- Decreased milk production, spontaneous abortions, reproductive and developmental problems, and general decline in overall health. * Sheep dogs, cats, rabbits living near base stations affected. Cell phones and Birds * Sparrows have disappeared completely from the cities at least four years ago in Britain as mobile phones grew in popularity. 3G mobiles were introduced in 2003; there are 65 million users in UK by 2005. In a research by Spain conservation biologist Alfonso Balmori there is difference in how the birds behaved close to the phone antennae. * Young birds die from unknown causes. Bird couples frequently fought, while constructing their nests stick fell to the ground. * Some nests were never completed and the storks remained passively in front of antennae. * Laboratory studies show bird embryo die when exposed to microwaves. Effect on Biodiversity * Electromagnetic radiations of mobile phones are directly related with the disturbance in ecosystem and ultimately biodiversity. 230 species (several million birds) die each year from collisions with telecommunications in the United States during migration. * Birds have thin skulls. Accidents happen mainly in night, in fog, bad weather when birds might be using the earth’s magnetic field for navigation. Effect on chicks According to a study 75% chick embryos died due to exposure to cell phone Effect on rabbits 2 to 3 hours exposure of rabbits to electromagnetic radiations showed cataracts because cornea doesn’t have thermal regulation. Bacteria and cell phones:The problem with phones is that we are in constant contact with them, and we spend a lot of time in close proximity to our faces and mouths and because it’s an electronic device, most people are hesitant about cleaning them. The cell phone has 10 times more germy than a toilet seat. Infectious microbes on the surface of a Smartphone including staphylococcus have an excellent chance of making their way to your eyes, nose and mouth Effect on Honey bees: Scientists may have found the cause of the worlds sudden dwindling population of bees and cell phones may be to blame.Research conducted in Lausanne, Switzerland has shown that the signal from cell phones not only confuses bees, but also may lead to their death. Over 83 experiments have yielded the same results. With virtually most of the population of the United States (and the rest of the world) owning cell phones, the impact has been greatly noticeable. Led by researcher Daniel Favre, the alarming study found that bees reacted significantly to cell phones that were placed near or in hives in call-making mode. The bees sensed the signals transmitted when the phones rang, and emitted heavy buzzing noise during the calls.The calls act as an instinctive warning to leave the hive, but the frequency confuses the bees, causing them to fly erratically. The study found that the bees buzzing noise increases ten times when a cell phone is ringing or making a call aka when signals are being transmitted, but remained normal when not in use. The signals cause the bees to become lost and disoriented . The impact has already been felt the world over, as the population of bees in the U. S. and the U. K. has decreased by almost half in the last thirty years which coincides with the popularization and acceptance of cell phones as a personal device.Studies as far back as 2008 have found that bees are repelled by cell phone signals. Bees are an integral and necessary part of our agricultural and ecological systems, producing honey, and more importantly pollinating our crops. As it is unlikely that the world will learn to forgo the convenience of cell phones, it is unclear how much they will contribute to the decline of bees, and their impact on the environment. Effects of cell phones on society The effects of cell phones on society will always be a double edged sword. The debate is never ending.Both sides have compelling arguments. But although there are some disadvantages, when looking around, one of the first sights I see are people walking with one hand up to their ear, like an e vidence that cell phones have become important in our daily life. One effect of cell phones on society is availability to keep in touch with family, friends or business partners almost in every place and every time. You do not have to wait until evening, when you will be at home, or find a telephone boxes to call some friend or family member, if you have to tell them something important.Moreover – cell phones are the perfect way to stay connected with others in the event of emergency. They provide us with a sense of security. In the event of emergency or loss cell phone can allow others to connect with you quickly and could possibly save your life. If you feel insecure or something has happened to you or to a person next to you, you can call to get help. For instance, most of Americans (about 74%) who use cell phones say they have used their mobile device in a critical situation and gained valuable help. Besides that today cell phones are more and more easily to use.They are capable of not only receiving and making phone calls, but taking, sending and receiving photos, sending data, you can use the Internet to check your e-mail, a calendar to plan your time, an alarm clock or a calculator. In short – nowadays cell phones are useful in different daily situations. But all opinions could never be the same. Some people believe that cell phones influence us negative. They say – health problems are one of the results of owing a cell phone. That is because of the negative radiation, what they have, when the phone is in your pocket or next to you.However scientists still have not proved the badness of.. Recommendations: The International Commission for Non-ionizing Radiation Protection is the authority for monitoring Ionizing radiation of mobile phones and Base Stations. This body has spelled out definite guidelines for the radiation levels allowed and the base station lists are classified accordingly Now let us see the recommendations for safe us e of mobiles: Various steps to be followed to decrease the burden of Radiation Effect: * Step1 Minimize the duration of use, since certain effects of electrmagnetic radiation (e. . thermal effects on brain) are accumulative. One should not talk for more than three minutes at a stretch and should take at least 15 minutes break in between calls. * Step2. Use hands-free to decrease the radiation to the head. Accidents caused by inattension are still there in this situation. * Step 3. Keep the cell phone away from the body. Use a speaker phone or the head set. * Step 4. Limit the use of cell phone by children. * Step 5. Avoid living near the base stations * Step 6. Avoid phone usage while crossing the street. * Step 7.Never use a cell phone when a conventional phone is available. * Step 8. Mobile phones should be prohibited near Intensive Care Units and Operation theatres. * Step 9. The practice of installing antennas needs to be regulated. * Step 10. The specific absorption rate (SAR) value for each hand set should be provided by the manufacturers on the website as well as in the user’s manual, as per the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection guidelines. * Please take this into consideration and use caution on your phones. * You tell everyone on the road and off the phone.Future Perspectives: As the present day world is more dependent on Mobile phone in their day to day life ,there is need for researcher to discover mobile phones that emit less radiation. RADISAFE  , is one such invention. It is an anti radiation mobile chip reduces over  99. 95%  of radiation emitted from your mobile phone, and makes your mobile phone totally harmless as certified by the worlds premier electronics testing laboratory,  california institute of electronics and materials sciences, USA. But for its application in the market , there is a long way to go.

Piebald Argument

Dapple/Piebald Argument Free Online Research Papers Let me start by saying, the following information is my personal opinion and response to other, unnamed websites. You can take what I have to say at face value. If you do not like it, that is fine, everyone is entitled to their own opinions. If you understand my reasoning, great, if not, that is your choice. I would like to say, dont believe everything you read on the web. For every one website with logical, clinical, and actual correct information, you can find at least one with incorrect information or information where people try to present their personal opinions as gospel without stating that the information is ONLY their opinion. Ok I am going to pick out quotes from some websites that I have found and refute those comments. Please understand, I am not attacking the person(s) who put these comments on their websites. I am just giving my opinion about the information that is out there. On one website I found someone who says: Any dapple piebald dachshund puppy has clearly come from a puppy mill/commercial puppy producer or backyard breeder. Well to this I have to say BS! There are breeders who actually breed for this color. Yes, it is an unusual color and at the moment AKC does not accept it, but there was a time when AKC did not accept other patterns and/or colors. Who knows, maybe someday they will. If you have a dappled piebald, it is true that your dog be shown through AKC, EVEN if your dog is PERFECT in every other way. The ONLY reason it cannot be shown through AKC is because this pattern is not recognized by the organization. Still, just because a dachshund is showing a mixed pattern does no t mean it is not a quality and/or well bred dachshund. I do not actually breed for this pattern but I have had 2 puppies in 8 years that have both patterns. Each of the puppies produced are 100% healthy and neither of them have any hearing or sight problems. I breed for beautiful, healthy, quality, happy, puppies and I believe that I have stood by and accomplished that goal and will continue to in the future. The same webpage that supports the comment above says: Only experienced breeders should attempt double dapple breeding, as deaf and partially deaf puppies may result from this breeding. Come on, give me a breakwhy does it matter if someone off the street is breeding two dapples together or if they are being bred by an experienced breeder. Does an experienced breeder have some way to insure that there is NO chance that the puppies will have ANY genetic problems because of the duel dapple genes? Do they have a way of placing the correct genes where they want them on the puppys DNA so they can be sure the pup comes out normalif they do, gosh spread it around, I would like to know how to play genetic god. In my opinion, if the author of the website that says that dappled piebalds come from bad breeders or puppy mills then how could he/she possibly condone the breeding of double dapples? In addition, the webpage that I am getting these quotes from says: GOOD piebalds that truly look like Dachshunds ARE rare. What the heck does that mean? There are some awesome piebalds out there that have perfect stature for the dachshund. What the heck does the piebald pattern h ave to do with conformation? It is a PATTERN! He/she says: Piebald is not a pattern which is described by the AKC Official Standard of the Dachshund, but it is an old pattern which has existed from the breeds early origins. Ok. so if this pattern has been around this long, than why does it not hold the same genetic cues for stature as the black and tan or the red. Geez, this person really makes NO LOGICAL SENSE! This comment is like saying 2+2 equals 4 but it looks like 5 because it has been around so long. *Quotes taken from a website. I will not disclose this website due to the fact that I do not wish to disrespect the author of the website where I got the quoted information. I am just refuting the website author’s information because I choose to disagree with the arguments that are presented. Research Papers on Dapple/Piebald ArgumentGenetic EngineeringAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyCapital PunishmentWhere Wild and West MeetMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesResearch Process Part OneArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)

Coloring Carnations Science Experiment

Coloring Carnations Science Experiment This fun home or school experiment shows your child how water flows through a flower from stem to petals, changing the color of carnations. If youve ever had cut flowers in a vase around the house, your child might have observed the water levels dropping. Your child may wonder why you have to keep watering houseplants. Where does all that water go? The Coloring Carnations Science Experiment helps to demonstrate that the water isnt just vanishing into thin air. Plus, in the end, youll have a very pretty bouquet of flowers. Materials You Will Need White carnations (1 for each color you would like to try to create)empty water bottles (1 for each carnation)food coloringwater24 to 48 hoursColoring Carnations Recording Sheet Directions for Coloring Carnations Experiment Peel the labels off the water bottles and fill each bottle about one-third full of water.Have your child add food coloring to each bottle, about 10 to 20 drops to make the color vibrant. If you would like to try to make a rainbow bouquet of carnations, you and your child will need to mix the primary colors to make purple and orange. (Most boxes of food coloring include a bottle of green.)Cut the stem of each carnation at an angle and place one in each water bottle. If your child wants to keep a picture diary of what is happening to the carnations, download and print the Coloring Carnations Recording Sheet and draw the first picture.Check the carnations every few hours to see if anything is happening. Some of the brighter colors may begin to show results in as little as two or three hours. Once you begin to see visible results, its a good time to have your child draw the second picture. Just remember to record how many hours have gone by!Keep an eye on the flowers for a day. By the en d of day one, the flowers should really be taking on color. Its a good time to ask your child questions about what shes observing. Try questions along the line of:Which color is working the quickest?What color isnt showing up well?Why do you think the carnations are turning colors? (see explanation below)Where is the color showing up?What do you think that means about which parts of the flower get the most food? At the end of the experiment (either one or two days, it depends on how vibrant you want your flowers to be) gather the carnations into one bouquet. It will look like a rainbow! Recording Sheet for the Coloring Carnations Science Experiment Make a four-box grid for your child to draw pictures of what happened in the experiment. What we did first: After ___ hours: After 1 day: What my flowers looked like: Coloring Carnations Science Experiment Why the Carnations Change Color Like any other plant, carnations get their nutrients through the water they absorb from the dirt they are planted in. When the flowers are cut, they no longer have roots  but continue to absorb water through their stems. As water evaporates from the leaves and petals of the plant, it sticks to other water molecules and pulls that water into the space left behind. The water in the vase travels up the stem of the flower like a drinking straw and is distributed to all of the parts of the plant that now need water. Since the nutrients in the water are dyed, the dye also travels up the stem of the flower.

Image retrieval Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Image retrieval - Research Paper Example There are different varieties of techniques being investigated in the area of information retrieval and the aim of this paper is to focus on the most popular and effective ones in extraction of images from multimedia databases. In general, we will discuss the two main research areas, using textual features and content based features but more specifically, we will discuss the technologies and advancements in employing the textual features. IMAGE RETRIEVAL There is a question of how to handle the vast growing multimedia information and the answer for that is to use multimedia databases. The aim is to retrieve images that most likely match with the query of a user. Users in general search for the images in databases using keywords and features like size, shape, location, etc. For retrieving the right information from such database using queries, two main approaches exist. [1] Firstly we could describe an image using a set of keywords but considering that manual labelling of all the mult imedia information is a hard task. Another area of research which is at the centre of researcher’s attention is Content Based Image Retrieval (CBIR). [2] However, among these two main approaches, there is a question of efficiency of them. ... TEXT BASE IMAGE RETRIEVAL In order to label images with the keywords, we could either do it manually or automatically, using computer algorithms trained based on the textual information of image and the image features. [3] However even in the automatic way, for training the computer we need to manually provide a set of training data for example different category of images. In addition to the constraints above, when we describe images using a set of keywords, a set of conflicts might happen do to some of the well known issues in the natural language, including synonym words, using different words to express one thing or using a word with usages in different contexts. [4] [4] is one of the papers that suggests not using the text based feature alone since it is not going to be efficient due to the above natural language constraints. They recommend combining text features and visual features. There also some works that recently tried resolving the natural language constraints above. [5] The approach they used was Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) used to joint feature vectors of textual and visual information of the images. The reason that the researchers mainly focus on the content based side of the research might be the problems that appears with labelling the data and of course the lack of accuracy caused by using general natural language processing techniques. Natural language processing is a complex task and full ability to process humans language has not been achieved yet. CONTEXT BASED IMAGE RETRIEVAL (CBIR) CBIR is a popular area of study in image retrieval these days. In this approach we index the images from their visual content. In other words we use features like shapes, texture

Communication Subject --RESEARCH PAPER Research

Communication Subject -- - Research Paper Example Parents have been pointed out to be substantial advocates of their own children and more so students. In many cases, they are termed as informal consultants when their children are making career choices and academic conclusions. According to Bhakar, & Seema, (2009), children who were born after 1982 want to be close to their parents to feel protected. Diane, (2010) also pointed out that since the introduction of electric devices, 48% talk with their parents daily. Frequent communication between parents and students contributes largely in maintaining a good relationship between the two. This is because the student feels free open their problems to the elders. This too helps parents in understanding their children better and know what they need from time to time. Not all parents have access to social network. Thus, this can be a slow or poor form of communication as compared to phone calls and text messages. Students who communicate with their parents via phone tend to get feedback faster than those using social media. Student’s performance is highly determined by how much the parent’s concern is. Through frequent communication, parents can learn their children’s weaknesses and rectify them immediately. In addition, parents can nurture good values of respect, honor, cooperation and responsibility, which in turn help in good academic performance. In efforts to nurture and back up student’s effective and social growth as well as academic advancement, parents have been encouraged to build a communication system with the teachers, which will in turn help them in monitoring their student’s progress. Communication with the student will also help you to know what kind of support your child needs if financial or emotional support the earlier you solve their problems the highly they will feel motivated to perform better. Students love and honor their parents very much and are never ready

Cell bio lab report Essay Example for Free

Cell bio lab report Essay Purpose: During this experiment we compared the hemagglutination reaction of control Con A solution at 2 mg/ml in Con A buffer with the hemagglutination reaction of your own purified Con A sample that you diluted previously at 2 mg/ml in Con A buffer. The purpose of this lab was to determine the strength of the reaction by performing serial dilutions on both the Con A sample and the control Con A sample, and determine through observations whether or not addition of galactose or mannose will inhibit this reaction. I hypothesize that the Con A + galactose solutions will have partial agglutination and partial no agglutination, and the Con A + mannose solutions will have all no agglutination. Results: Rows A and B had half agglutination and half no agglutination, while row C had all no agglutination. Row D had half agglutination and half partial agglutination, while row E had 4 columns with agglutination and 8 columns with no agglutination. Row F had complete agglutination throughout. Con A reaction plate (Row/Column) Reaction A1-A6 (Control) Agglutination/inhibited A7-A12 (Control) No Agglutination/not inhibited B1-B6 (Con A + galactose) Agglutination/inhibited B7-B12 (Con A + galactose) No Agglutination/not inhibited C1-C12 (Con A + mannose) No Agglutination/not inhibited D1-D5 (Sample) Agglutination/inhibited D6-D12 (Sample) Partial agglutination/inhibited E1-E4 (Con A + galactose) Agglutination/inhibited E5-E12 (Con A + galactose) No Agglutination/not inhibited F1-F12 (Con A + mannose) No agglutination/not inhibited G1-G12 ((-)Control) Partial agglutination/inhibited H1-H12 (RBCs) Partial agglutination/inhibited Discussion: My hypothesis was proven correct, the Con A + galactose solutions did have partial agglutination and partial no agglutination, and the Con A + mannose solutions did have all no agglutination. This means that in the Con A + galactose solutions the ones that had agglutination the red cells aggregated with the lectin and sediment in the form of a uniform layer that covered the whole bottom of the well including the slopes, and in the Con A + mannose solutions the ones that failed to have agglutination take place covered only part of the bottom. We found through this experiment that the control Con A sample and the Con A sample had very similar strengths of reaction. Conclusion: In this experiment through serial dilutions on a 96 well plate we determined the strength of the each reaction on both the Con A sample and the control sample. We found through our experiment that the addition of galactose or mannose will partially inhibit or inhibit the reaction between our Con A sample and control Con A sample.

The Home Changes With Time :: descriptive essay, observation essay

The Home Changes With Time Way up in the mountains, above the reaches of the hustle and bustle of the industrialized world, stands a large wooden house with loose shingles hanging off the roof, and the paint is chipping from years of wind and snow. The house was constructed on the slope of the mountain, and a long flight of stairs must be climbed to reach the first floor. The deck extends from the house on three sides, on both the first and second floors. It is a grand old house. Watching my step carefully, I climbed up the long flight of stairs to the first floor. I reached my hand out to grab the handrail, only to pull it away quickly as I received a sharp prick from the rough uncared-for wood. When I finally reach the first deck of the house, I have to stop to inflate my lungs with the barely oxygenated air of 10,000 feet. I walk across the twisted and contorted deck to the dirty-white door lined by turquoise trim. The trim color seems odd now; I don't remember it from my last visit. I stick the key into the brass handle knob and swing the door open; a rush of musty air makes my nostrils flare and twitch out of control. Looking across the neat unlived in room, memories of times when people actually lived in this house fill my mind. Spider webs tangle themselves around my head as I walk across the room towards the stairs that lead up to the second floor. I look up the dark, tight passageway of stairs, then search for the light switch that is connected to the bubble light hanging from the slanted ceiling above. After turning it to the on position, I wrap my hands around the handrails on each side and slowly pull myself up the stairs. After reaching the second floor I turned right into an open room lit brightly by the sunlight that pours in through the large windows. There are a couple of couches placed around the room. A large floral couch, backed up against the wall, is a perfect seat to relax and stare out through the treetops at the large snow capped peaks of the Rocky Mountains. Across the room sits a smaller black futon that folds down into a double bed. Next to the futon, is a tall china cabinet filled with magnificently colored wineglasses and china plates.

Business Research Terms and Concepts Essay

Understanding Business Research Terms and Concepts: Part 3 A. Determine which level of measurement— nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio—is used in the following examples. 1. The Association of Accountants is conducting a survey to determine the ranking of the top 100 accounting firms in the world. Ordinal 2. How many years did it take you to earn your college degree? Ratio 3. On a questionnaire which asks for gender, males are coded as 1 and females are coded as 2. Nominal 4. Respondents are asked to rate a list of high-tech companies as excellent, good, fair, or poor in terms of their service delivery. Ordinal 5. Cereal brands are arranged in an ordered sequence in which an equal interval exists between each point. Interval 6. Jake Locker averages 350 yards per game passing. Interval 7. The length of time it takes the winner of a marathon to cross the finish line. Ratio 8. Students are asked to rank computer manufacturers. Ordinal 9. The brand of charge card used by a customer. Nominal B. Which sampling method—simple random, systematic, stratified, cluster, convenience, judgment, quota, or snowball—is most appropriate for the following examples? Explain why. 1. The unemployment rate is calculated each month by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. The survey consists of 50,000 households in about 2,000 counties and cities in all 50 states. Stratified. Because you are dividing into subgroups prior to sampling. 2. A researcher for Kraft Foods selects five states randomly, and then selects 10 supermarkets chains within each state to call for a phone survey as test markets for a new cookie. Cluster. You are dividing into groups or cluster then taking a random sample. 3. A new product researcher would like to investigate the use of virtual teams. After conducting an interview with a manager, she asks for the names of other managers that use virtual teams. Snowball. You are using a small pool of subjects and generating more from them. 4. A news reporter asks people on the street their opinion about the president’s new bill. Convenience. There are some members of the population that have no chance of being selected and you are using readily available subjects. 5. Jamie select Denver, Colorado; Chicago, Illinois; and San Diego, California as test markets for a potato chip line base on her experience with these markets. Judgment. Because Jamie has used his or her own judgment to select the appropriate sample. 6. A researcher instructs field interviewers to interview customers of different cell phone companies in a nearby shopping mall so that they each interview 10 AT&T, 8 T Mobile, 6 Verizon, and 4 owners of other cell phone providers. Quota. Because there is a set requirement of the sampling pool. 7. The Consumer Price Index represents a sampling of 90,000 items from 364 categories, chosen from 20,000 retail stores in 85 geographically distributed areas that are chosen to be as similar as possible. Stratified. Because you are dividing into subgroups prior to sampling. 8. A finance professor wants to know how many MBA students would be willing to take a course in international finance this summer. She surveys students in the class she is currently teaching. Cluster because she is dividing all MBA students into a group and sampling her class. It could also be seen as Convenience because she is sampling a group that is on hand and there is a set that doesn’t have a chance to be selected (anyone not in her class).

Effects of Teen Marijuana Use Essay

According to a 2012 Monitoring the Future study, marijuana is the illicit drug most likely to be used by teens (Maine Integrated Youth Health Survey). Marijuana comes from the plant Cannabis Sativa and appears as a green/brown mix of flowers, stems, and leaves (Teens Health 1). Marijuana is also known as pot, weed, MJ, Mary Jane, reefer, dope, ganja, herb, and grass. Marijuana is most often smoked in cigarettes, hollowed-out cigars, pipes, or water pipes, but is sometimes mixed into food or tea (1). Why are there concerns about teen use of marijuana? During adolescence, many developmental changes are occurring and poor choices could affect a teen’s future (University of Washington ADAI). As a result of teen marijuana use, teens engage in problematic behavior, neglect their education, and risk their health. Problematic behavior remains an effect of teen marijuana use. â€Å"A 2008 longitudinal study of heavy cannabis users from ages 14 to 25 in a New Zealand birth cohort found that increasing cannabis use in late adolescence and early adulthood is associated with a range of adverse outcomes in later life† (University of Washington ADAI). Ashbridge found that there is an increased risk of driving, a doubled risk of being in an accident, under the influence of marijuana (qtd. In U of W ADAI). Driving while under the influence of marijuana risks not only the user’s life, but also the lives of others. An accident caused by a driver under the influence of marijuana could potentially ruin many lives, and could easily be prevented with smart behavior. Marijuana affects ones concentration, perception, coordination, and reaction time; all skills needed for safe driving (courtinfo.ca.gov). Data has shown people who drive under the influence of marijuana show the same lack of coordination as those who drive under the influence of alcohol (courtinfo.ca.gov). Driving under the influence of marijuana is a problematic behavior because it affects many of the skills necessary for safe driving. Criminal behavior is also seen in association with teen marijuana use. In order to pay for drug use, teens engage in criminal  behavior, motor vehicle theft, and breaking-and-entering offenses (University of Washington ADAI). Teen Marijuana users need money to pay for drug use, and in order to obtain money, teens engage in problematic behaviors. There are also legal aspects when selling, using, or possessing marijuana, involving fines, jail time, and possibly a criminal record (Teens Health 2). Teen marijuana users’ problematic behaviors involving the law can lead to consequences, sometimes with the potential to damage the teen’s future. Laws against growing, possessing, and selling marijuana exist in all states but Washington and Colorado (2). Over 7.2 million Americans have been arrested on marijuana charges since 1990, many of which were teenagers (NORML). Marijuana association damages the lives of many teens who get caught engaging in marijuana associated problematic behaviors. The problematic behaviors associated with teen marijuana use can potentially damage not only a teen’s future, but also society. In addition to the problematic behaviors that arise from teen marijuana use, problems with neglected education also arise from teen marijuana use. Marijuana causes a lack of motivation in teens, causing them to look at school as unimportant, to not care about what happens in their lives, and to lack concern about their futures (Town of Barrington). Teen marijuana use causes teens to disengage from reality; teens live in their own fairy tale land where they don’t need anything but marijuana, and the future does not exist. This fairy tale has nothing to do with school, causing teens to neglect important years of education, potentially damaging their futures. Teen marijuana use is directly associated with poorer school performance, increased absences from school, and increased risk of dropping out without graduating (University of Washington ADAI). The disengagement from school teen marijuana users experience, causes problems for teens because they neglect their educational privileges. A study on success in school related to marijuana use showed that students who used marijuana had poorer school success than those who did not use marijuana (Finn 3). Teens who use marijuana neglect their education, causing poorer results in school. Students who used marijuana had lower grades, lower classroom participation, worse attendance, more academic dishonesty, and were disciplined more often than students who did not use marijuana (Finn 3). Teens who use marijuana,  and neglect their education, can face many educational hardships as a result. Teens who use marijuana are often alienated or disgraced by their peers, causing them to disengage from school and other activities (OJJDP). Disengagement in, or quitting of, school or school activities, deprives peers, schools, teams, and communities of positive contributions a teen may have made if they did not use marijuana. Neglected education associated with teen marijuana use can potentially damage a teen’s future and can potentially deprive peers and activities of positive contributions a teen marijuana user may have otherwise made. Although teen marijuana use can cause neglect of education, teen marijuana use can, more importantly, risk a teen’s health. Teens who smoke marijuana can experience minor health problems and major health problems. Respiratory problems caused by smoking marijuana such as phlegm, chronic cough, and bronchitis can be viewed as minor problems (Teens Health 2). Another minor problem caused by smoking marijuana is decreased blood pressure, which can cause dizziness (2). Smoking marijuana has minor effects on the body that risk a teen’s health because they can turn into larger problems or can just simply damage a teen’s growing body. One major problem caused by smoking marijuana is the impairment of the body’s ability to defend against infections and diseases (2). Another major problem caused by smoking marijuana is abnormal functioning of lung tissue, ultimately injuring or destroying the lung tissue (Town of Barrington). Smoking marijuana can cause permanent damage to the body; this damage becomes a bigger risk for a teen’s health because a teen’s body is still developing. Some of the major problems can even risk a teen’s life, shortening the life they could have had if they did not smoke marijuana. The last major problem caused by smoking marijuana is the cancer causing chemicals that come from smoking it (SAMHA). Teen marijuana smokers’ risk of developing lung cancer is increased because, in order to maximize their high, they inhale deeply and hold the marijuana smoke in their lungs. (SAMAHA). Teen marijuana smoking can risk a teen’s health because marijuana smoke contains cancer causing chemicals, which could potentially lead to a teen acquiring cancer early, or later in life. Teen marijuana use can risk a teen’s health, potentially damaging their bodies forever. As a result of teen marijuana use, teens engage in problematic behavior, neglect their education, and risk their health. Teens who are associated with marijuana, and participate in illegal activities, could potentially damage their future with criminal records. Teens who drive while under the influence of marijuana risk not only their own lives, but also the lives of others, potentially damaging their futures with criminal records. Teens who neglect their education because of association to marijuana could lose opportunities they would have otherwise had, potentially damaging their future. Teens who smoke marijuana risk their health, both in minor ways and major ways, potentially damaging their bodies forever. Is teen marijuana use really worth risking the bright futures of these teens? Works Cited â€Å"Adolescents and Marijuana.† University of Washington ADAI. University of Washington, June. 2013. Web. 16 April 2014. â€Å"Consequences of youth substance abuse.† OJJDP. USA.gov, May. 1998. Web. 16 April 2014. Finn, Kristin V. â€Å"Marijuana Use at School and Achievement-Linked Behavior.† The High School Journal 95.3 (2012): 3-13. Project Muse. Web. 16 April 2014. Maine Integrated Youth Health Survey. â€Å"Your Teen & Marijuana.† SAMHA. Maine.gov. 2011. Web. 16 April 2014. â€Å"Marijuana.† TeensHealth. The Nemours Foundation, April. 2009. Web. 16 April 2014. â€Å"Scary Stats.† courtinfo.ca.gov. Administrative Office of the Courts, n.d. Web. 16 April 2014. â€Å"Teen Marijuana Use.† Town of Barrington. Rhode Island, n.d. Web. 16 April 2014. â€Å"Your Government Is Lying To You (Again) About Marijuana.† NORML. NORML Foundation, n.d. Web. 16 April 2014.

Anthropologie Culturelle Essays - Jewish Culture, Hebrew Calendar

Anthropologie Culturelle Essays - Jewish Culture, Hebrew Calendar Anthropologie Culturelle Les Amish : une communaut? hors du temps I) LES ORIGINES DES AMISH On trouve les racines des Amish dans la communaut? des Mennonites. Les deux appartiennent au mouvement des Anabaptistes qui remonte ? lpoque de la R?forme. Les Anabaptistes croyaient que seuls les adultes devaient ?tre baptis?s car ils avaient conscience de leur acte et qu?ils devaient rester en marge de la soci?t?. Beaucoup d?Anabaptistes furent extermin?s, consid?r?s comme h?r?tiques par les Catholiques comme les Protestants et beaucoup all?rent se r?fugier dans les montagnes suisses et au sud de l?Allemagne. C?est dans ce contexte qu?appara?t le mouvement Amish : les pers?cutions continu?rent jusqu?au XVIII? si?cle et entre 1693 et 1697 une partie de lglise Mennonite suisse (les Fr?res Suisses) se s?para du reste de la Communaut? pour former le mouvement Amish. Cette communaut? souhaitait pr?server la discipline biblique au sein de la communaut?. A partir de 1663, une partie ?migra aux Etats-Unis pour ?chapper au militarisme europ?en et pr?server la foi des anc?tres! dans un pays neuf aux perspectives ?conomiques attrayantes : ils stablirent au nord des Etats-Unis, en Pennsylvanie, et se lanc?rent dans l?agriculture avec succ?s. 1. Quelle est la valeur symbolique du schisme Amish ? En 1693 un ?v?que suisse du nom de Jacob Amman se s?pare des Fr?res Suisses Mennonites : ses successeurs ont ?t? baptis?s les Amish. Bien que les deux communaut?s se soient s?par?es, elles partagent de nombreux points communs : elles ont les m?mes croyances en ce qui concerne le bapt?me, la non violence et les doctrines bibliques fondamentales. Cependant elles diff?rent en mati?re de v?tements, de technologie, de langue, de fa?on de travailler et d?interpr?tation de la Bible. D?apr?s l?historien Eli Gingerich, dans ses ?crits de 1978, il y a sept domaines au centre de la controverse entre les Mennonites Suisses et les Amish qui ont pouss? au schisme entre 1693 et 1697 : ? la communion deux fois par an ? l?habitude de laver les pieds d?autrui comme rite religieux ? le fait d?isoler et dviter un membre de la communaut? excommuni? ou puni ? s?en tenir ? une discipline communautaire tr?s stricte ? die Treuherzigen : le probl?me de savoir si oui ou non les ? justes ? ?taient prot?g?s ? les codes vestimentaires ? les codes concernant la coiffure Gingerich explique plus loin que ? ni l?un ni l?autre des deux parties ne voulait c?der. Chacune ?tait d?termin?e. Aucune ne voulait admettre la possibilit? de se tromper ou dchouer. Il s?est av?r? qu?il ?tait impossible de communiquer pour mieux comprendre l?autre partie. Les deux Eglises ne se sont jamais retrouv?es. ? En fait ces sept domaines ou points de dispute ne suffisent pas d?apr?s d?autres auteurs ? expliquer le schisme : il y avait d?j? au sein de l?Eglise Mennonite Suisse une litt?rature ? proto-Amish ? identifi?e comme telle par Nikolaus W?thrich en 1807 et par Christian Plank qui faisait partie du cercle d?intimes de Jacob Ammann mais avait quitt? le groupe Amish. En fait ces auteurs d?montrent qu?il faut remonter ? Simon Menno, le fondateur du mouvement Mennonite pour expliquer la controverse sur deux points fondamentaux pr?c?demment cit?s : l?isolement d?un excommuni? ou d?un puni et les Treuherzigen. ? L?isolement physique : d?apr?s W?thrich , il est impossible de consid?rer l?isolement physique que pratiquent les Amish et que contestaient les Mennonites comme ?tant fond? du point de vue biblique par l?ap?tre Paul. Tout remonte donc ? Menno lui-m?me. Gingerich explique ainsi que cet isolement physique date en fait de 1555 : Leenaert Bouwens a ?tabli cet isolement pour punir les personnes nocives au reste de la communaut?. Cet isolement se fait entre toutes les cat?gories de personnes : les enfants sont s?par?s de leurs parents, les ?pouses de leur mari ... Cependant cette mesure fut contest?e par une femme qui refusait dtre s?par?e de son mari : en cons?quence, Menno lui-m?me lutta contre cette s?v?rit?. En 1693 lorsque Jakob Ammann essaya de r?introduire l?isolement physique dans la communaut? suisse Mennonite, il re?ut l?appui des plus traditionalistes et conservateurs qui favoris?rent le schisme. ? Les Treuherzigen : c?est le deuxi?me point important de la controverse Mennonites/Amish. Litt?ralement les Treuherzigen sont ceux dont le coeur est fiable, fid?le ou loyal. Ils sont parfois appel?s les Anabaptistes partiels. En fait ce sont ceux qui

Whenever vs. When Ever

Whenever vs. When Ever Whenever vs. When Ever Whenever vs. When Ever By Maeve Maddox It’s interesting that two-word phrases like â€Å"any place,† â€Å"a lot,† and â€Å"all right† are often squeezed into nonstandard one-word forms like anyplace, alot, and alright, but one-word wherever is often written incorrectly as â€Å"when ever.† As a relative conjunction introducing a conditional clause, whenever means â€Å"at whatever time, no matter when.† Here are some examples in which whenever is used correctly: Whenever you find yourself on the side of the majority, it is time to pause and reflect.- Mark Twain Some cause happiness wherever they go; others whenever they go.- Oscar Wilde. Whenever I turn on my computer, the screen says â€Å"Monitor going to sleep.† Here are examples of whenever incorrectly written as two words: Incorrect: Journalists are like dogs, when ever anything moves they begin to bark. Correct : Journalists are like dogs, whenever anything moves they begin to bark. Incorrect: She smiles at me when ever I see her. Correct : She smiles at me whenever I see her. Incorrect: The computer crashes when ever I try to game. Correct : The computer crashes whenever I try to game. The words when and ever are written separately when the sense is â€Å"when, if ever?† Here are some examples of when ever used correctly: When ever will you  get over your fear of cats? When ever will you  have this chance again?   When ever will they learn  to not put stuff up there? When  ever  did these feelings start?   When ever are you going to clean the house? When, Ever, Is a Murderer Anything but a Murderer? If your intended meaning is â€Å"every time that,† write whenever. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Regarding Re:8 Types of Parenthetical Phrases10 Tips for Clean, Clear Writing

About marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

About marketing - Essay Example These strategies were part of â€Å"The way forward† an initiative that the CEO adopted to make the company profitable. Ford Company recognized that each of its market segments has unique needs. In this regard, the company introduced new and stronger brands such new Fusion auto. In order to make the new brand attain stronger customer awareness, the company emulated Fusion studio, a promotional campaign that was focused at female customers who highly valued the brand. During the promotion, women were offered free beauty services, music as well as fitness training (Magee and Ford 47). Another strong brand that Ford introduced in the market was the Ford Fiesta. Even though the company brands are focused at meeting the needs of various market segments, Ford Fiesta is a unique model that is accepted in all the market segments. The shift from luxury market in Europe to an emerging market in Asia is another tactic that Ford has adopted to excel in the global market. This has resulted to high demand for Ford models in China and Asia leading to expansion of operations in the two countries. In addition to the introduction of electric vehicles, Ford has continued to emulate effective pricing techniques for its products making it to offer stiff competition to its main rival, Toyota Motor Corporation. Trek Bicycle adopts various market segmentation variables to retain the loyalty of its customers. One of the major variables is lifestyle and behavior. The company realizes that consumers who like to ride in city streets behave differently from those who value mountain riding. In the same way, while some of its customers like a smooth ride, others prefer to experience rough terrains while riding. In this regard, the company focuses at retaining its city riders by selling to them electric motors and pedal-power bikes. Similarly, Trek offers full-suspension model to consumers who value comfort while those who like to feel the terrain are offered with hard-tails. Gender

The Need to Establish a Film Industry in Sierra Leone Term Paper

The Need to Establish a Film Industry in Sierra Leone - Term Paper Example Further, schools and colleges were encouraged to join the industry through events such as National Art Festivals. However, all these were dropped at some point. The film has been dragging along without proper regulation and no empowerment at all. Consequently, local Sierra Leoneans can now only produce poor quality films which cannot make it to the international platforms. No wonder, only foreign films shot in Sierra Leone make it to the international level. However, it is worth noting that the spirit to revive the industry is alive. What needs to be done is to set up necessary mechanism such as film schools to empower the industry into producing quality products. Rationale For many in the West, Sierra Leone remains the land of blood diamonds and drugged-up child soldiers, even though the country has been at peace for almost a decade. The film â€Å"Blood Diamond† was the one that installed the image for many overseas. At a time when Sierra Leone was desperately looking to reb rand itself, the film scared off tourists and drove away investors. Now, we will aim to erase that image with the establishment of the new film school. The President of Sierra Leone stressed that the film industry will tell a new story of peace, democracy, humanity, and determined to progress in many areas of human endeavors. Sierra Leone’s first ever film and acting school, IDF Film School, will be established by the Director of Institut de Francais, Ahmed K. Mansaray who also doubles as a movie executive producer and director.

Black world study reflection paper, based on reading and viewing Essay - 1

Black world study reflection paper, based on reading and viewing materials - Essay Example In the early 60s, stereotyping was rife in United States whereby people from certain races were subjected to discrimination. In a bid to oppose the treatment, many resorted to art using music and other forms. With time, the Americans recognized very race courtesy of art demonstrated by many artists. For this reason, it is appropriate to agree that â€Å"dance, poetry, music can bring difference in this country and in this world† (Brown, p.2). To cement this point, various movies have been released where the oppression in many Islamic countries happen. As a result, some countries like Qatar have lately been viewed as civilized due to its approach to various issues. Additional, singer Elton John, a renowned gay activist has transformed the way same-sex marriages are viewed through music. As a result, same-sex marriages have been legalized and the couples are treated the same as heterosexuals. From the case materials, the story of Primus proves beyond reasonable doubt the power of art. Even though stereotypes still exists in today’s society, it is appropriate to state that much of the change that has been witness is due to art. For instance, in the case of Primus, the owner at the Cafà © society judged her as per her appearance. However, upon insisting for a chance, Primus, â€Å"danced with such skill and enthusiasm at her audition that she earned a coveted slot as a Cafà © Society entertainer† (p.13). From the above explanation, it is clear that afterwards, the perception towards Primus change thanks to art. It is for this reasons that emphasis is made on the power of art. Indeed, it has the capability to change the society but only when given a chance. Racism issues in United States were rampant but one of the people who actively participated in its end was primus. Interestingly, to do this, ‘she waged her artistic and political fight for

Relevance of Psychology in Primary Health Care Delivery

Relevance of Psychology in Primary Health Care Delivery Critically discuss how an understanding of psychology can enhance the delivery of primary health care. (District Nursing) Essay The concept of psychology as relevant to district nursing and the primary healthcare team can be examined on a number of different levels. An understanding of psychology is clearly important to the nurse when she interprets a patient’s reaction to events in their personal illness trajectory. (Yura H et al. 1998). It is equally important as she considers her professional approach to the patient and the understanding of how a patient will react to the delivery and impact of healthcare, particularly in her considerations of how to achieve maximum patient compliance in any given therapeutic regimen. (Dean A. 2002).There are other, arguably less immediately obvious, ramifications of the impact of psychological implications in the delivery of primary health care when one considers the interactions and dynamics of the primary healthcare team and the interplay between various members of the team. In this essay we shall consider all of these implications. We start with the general plan that the topic of psychology in this context is potentially vast and for this reason we shall consider individual illustrative episodes in some detail in order to demonstrate an overall understanding of the area. The perception of any given situation and indeed, the evaluation of the probabilities that arise from it, are generally dependent on its presentation. This in turn gives rise to differences and variations in the number and scope of the possible outcomes from that situation. This is the so called Theory of Rational Choice (De Martino B et al. 2006). The perception of a situation is dependent on its â€Å"framing†. It therefore follows that the outcome is also dependent on the same concept of framing of the presentation. This has great relevance to our question, as the District Nurse can make decisions that are influenced by the â€Å"framing† of the presentation by the patient, but more significantly, she can seek to modify the decisions that a patient ultimately makes by framing her presentation of the situation in a number of different ways. There is a substantial evidence base in the literature which cites examples of how decisions can be changed or even reversed if t hey are presented with different emphasis on different factors in the presentation (van Osch S M C et al. 2006). A full consideration of the implications of this statement will suggest that these psychological concepts will have a direct bearing on other professional considerations such as autonomy and other ethical issues. (Hendrick, J. 2000). How can a patient be considered to be making a truly autonomous decision if that decision is being influenced by the abilities of a nurse to â€Å"frame† the presentation of the relevant factors in order to suggest that one outcome is better than another? (Green J et al. 1998). How can a patient be considered to be â€Å"empowered and educated† about a course of treatment if the nurse has been selective in the way that treatment has been explained to the patient? (Sugarman J Sulmasy 2001). We do not presume to suggest that such concepts are necessarily wrong. It may be entirely reasonable for a nurse to use her professional skill and judgement to suggest to a patient that one particular course of action is preferable to another by framing the presentation in such a way that the patient is guided towards a certain decision. In a commonly experienced clinical situation such as a frightened patient with an extensive skin wound to the leg which clearly requires suturing and who is saying that they don‘t want anything to be done, we could probably all agree that it would be quite appropriate for a nurse to suggest that the procedure of suturing is not very painful and will give a good cosmetic result whereas to leave the wound open will give rise to infection and other difficulties. From an analytical viewpoint, this approach could be viewed as detracting from the patient’s autonomy and ability to make their own valid consent. (Gillon. R. 1997). A pragmatist mi ght equally suggest that the nurse is employing valid psychological principles in her professional desire to achieve what is probably the best outcome for the patient (Coulter A. 2002) One of the major areas that we shall consider in this appreciation of the significance of psychology in the delivery of healthcare, is that of attitude of those delivering the particular intervention to the patients concerned. This area is examined in commendable detail by the paper by Johansson (K et al. 2002) which specifically considered the effectiveness of the delivery of alcohol awareness programmes in a group of problem drinkers. The reason that we have selected this paper for an initial consideration is that, unusually for a research paper, it does not simply consider the efficacy of a particular healthcare package, but it reviews and critically analyses the attitudes of the healthcare professionals on the overall outcomes with specific focus on their readiness to participate in such a venture. This is seminal to the major thrust of this essay and therefore merits a detailed examination. In essence, the entry cohort to this study was a collection of about 150 primary healthcare team workers who could potentially be involved in the delivery of an alcohol awareness programme. Each was asked to fill in a questionnaire which was designed to evaluate a personal profile of the respondent and covered areas such as: experiences with patients with alcohol-related health problems, knowledge and perceived capacity concerning early identification and intervention, attitudes towards the role of primary care staff in early identification and intervention and current intervention methods in use at the health centre. The results are interesting insofar as there was general agreement that the likelihood of a patient generating or triggering an enquiry into their alcohol usage was most likely to be when issues relating to the alcohol-related health-risks were perceived by the healthcare professionals. The relevance of the psychological aspects of such an enquiry became clear when it was found that nurses were more likely to enquire than the doctors in the sample and that on average, nurses tended to drink less alcohol than doctors. (Dihn-Zarr, T et al. 1999) Those who drank the least were more likely to be concerned about the health risks than those who drank more. Clearly the effects of alcohol in any individual patient are specific, but the willingness of a healthcare professional to instigate healthcare measures to minimise the health-related effects of alcohol appears to be dependent on their own attitudes towards alcohol and this may be reflected in their own levels of consumption. There is an old adage that the definition of an alcoholic is a patient who drinks more than their doctor. (Fleming, M et al. 1999). In the light of this study, this comment may not be as flippant as it initially appears. In alcohol-related problems, there is frequently an element of denial, both in terms of alcohol intake and its effects. (Herbert, C et al. 1997). If the healthcare professional involved has a degree of denial of their own intake, clearly this will have repercussions on their presentation of the problem to the patient and their subsequent evaluation and willingness to invoke therapeutic or interventional measures for that patient. (Kaner, E. F. S et al. 1999) Other significant factors that contributed to the likelihood of a healthcare professional instigating therapeutic measures were found to be their individual perception of their own degree of knowledge on the subject, both in terms of the effects of alcohol on the body and also in terms of the interventions that were available. (Aalto, M. et al. 2001) Many nurses expressed the fact that they were concerned that patients might react negatively to such enquiries and that this would affect the degree of patient empathy. Doctors appeared to be generally more confident about handling the possibility of a negative reaction. The same study pointed to the fact that it appears that such fears were unfounded in reality, as the same proportion of patients reacted in a negative way in both groups. >From this brief overview, it can be seen that psychology plays a role at many different levels in what is basically a fairly straightforward healthcare professional / patient interchange, and the attitudes of both patient and healthcare professional can have a profound impact on the eventual outcome of the care package for the individual patient. The paper itself makes the comment that: Nurses appear to be an unexploited resource, in need of training and support. Nurses may need to be convinced that an active role does not interfere with the nurse–patient relationship. Building teams of GPs and nurses in primary care might enhance the dissemination of alcohol prevention into regular practice. A further psychological input that is relevant in this area is the perception of the healthcare professional of just how effective the intervention that is proposed is likely to be. A previous paper on the same subject (Andrà ©asson S et al. 2000), concluded that healthcare professionals were much more likely to recommend a healthcare intervention that they had personally experienced or witnessed as successful, with greater frequency than one which had been shown to have a secure evidence base in published literature. The paper concludes with the suggestion that specific training in the subject needs to be implemented and this training not only needs to address the knowledge gap that has been identified, but also the belief systems and attitudes of the healthcare professionals in the primary healthcare team in order that it can reach its maximum potential. Although this paper was targeted and written in relation to a specific alcohol related intervention, it is reasonable to assume that the selected comments cited in this essay are sufficiently general to apply to most specific health related interventions and we will consider and explore other psychological rationales in specific relation to Health Promotion initiatives together with the inferences that can be drawn in relation to team building issues at greater length later in this essay. One of the major areas where psychology is relevant to the success (or otherwise) of a particular treatment is encapsulated in the concept of empowerment and education. (Howe and Anderson 2003). The patient who is both empowered and educated by the nurse will approach their illness trajectory in a completely different psychological frame of mind than one who is not. Time spent in explanation to a patient of the parameters and reasons for their treatment is rarely wasted. (Holzemer W et al. 1994). Marinker’s concept of the differentiation of compliance and concordance. (Marinker M.1997) is particularly useful in this respect. Although his original paper was written with specific regard to the taking of medication, the principles that it expounds are sufficiently general that they are now commonly extrapolated to cover most aspects of the interaction between the healthcare professionals and the patient. The patient who understands why he is being asked to undergo a particular th erapeutic regimen is far more likely to complete is successfully than one who is simply told what to do. This can be encapsulated in the professional advice on the subject from the RCN Patients are as fully involved as practicable in the formulation and delivery of their care (e.g. through the use of self-care plans) Where appropriate, patients are offered treatments other than medication Treatment plans are individually tailored for each patient Patients are involved, unless impracticable, in any decisions about referral Where practicable, patients are informed of the reasons for referral to specialists or other professionals (cited in CSAG 1999) This element of compliance is frequently cited in many of the tools of quality indication that are used in formal studies in this area. The degree to which a patient complies (or concords) with instructions can be viewed as a measure of success of the presentation of that treatment directly to the patient. (Campbell S M et al. 2000) As we have intimated in the introduction, the title of this essay can be interpreted at several different levels. In this segment we shall consider the impact of formal psychology services in primary health care. The rationale for our consideration of this topic specifically lies in the fact that an understanding of basic psychological principles is fundamental in allowing the nurse to appreciate the elements of treatment commonly undertaken in a psychology clinic. The excellent and informative article by Sobel (A B et al. 2001) provides a good starting point for this consideration. In practical terms, the average attendance at a psychology clinic is about five outpatient attendances. (Arndorfer, R. E et al. 1999). This means that the contact of a patient with the primary healthcare team is likely to outnumber the attendances at the clinic over a period of time. To give a specific example, it is clearly important for the nurse, who may come into contact with (for example) an anorexic adolescent, to understand the issues revolving around body dysmorphia, self-image enhancement and self-esteem (Lavigne, J. V. et al. 1999) if they have been undergoing treatment, if the nurse is to consider giving any degree of holistic consideration to whatever problems are being presented to her at the time. It is clearly of little value, if requested to give advice on the subject of weight loss (which is a common enquiry at nurse-run clinics), (Hogston, R et al. 2002) . to attempt to give such advice without a background knowledge of the psychological principles that have been employed in trying to restore the patient’s eating habits to a more normal pattern. (La Greca, A. M. 1997). Equally the parents of a child who is undergoing treatment for enuresis may have questions that they have not felt able to ask at a busy clinic and these may be presented to the practice nurse. A background knowledge of current treatment (both interventional and behavioural) is clearly vital t o being able to answer the questions with a degree of professional confidence. Another area where the nurse’s knowledge of psychological issues may be important is that, given the fact that a comparatively high number of patients default from follow up before being formally discharged, the nurse should know that psychological treatment is rarely successful if the â€Å"less than optimum† course of treatment is completed. (Sobel, A. B et al. 2001). Encouragement to return to complete the full course may be a useful remit for the nurse confronted by a patient in this situation. It follows that a sensitive exploration of the reasons for default my also be helpful and a knowledge of the subject is clearly helpful here as well. The patient who has defaulted from follow up through apathy needs completely different handling from the patient who has defaulted because of a resurgence of painful or difficult memories during a course of cognitive behavioural therapy. (Street, L. L.et al. 2000). In the latter case, empathetic handling is of great importance a s the issues involved may have a deep significance for the patient and completion of the course may be fundamental to a complete resolution of the issues involved. (Mitchell M C et al. 2004). When dealing with the patient who has specific emotional or psychological issues, the professional nurse would commonly have to employ a degree of psychological understanding which may be deeper than in many other cases for both of the reasons set out above. Let us now consider a different aspect of psychology and its relevance to nursing practice in primary care. A large proportion of the work of the district nurses can be taken up with the care of the dying patient. The dying, or terminally ill patient typically has a psychological profile that is quite different to the â€Å"average† patient. This was explored in the fascinating and very well written paper by The (The et al. 2000) who considered the elements of denial and cognitive distortion exhibited by a patient when being given news that they do not want to hear. The diversity of psychology shown by these patients is virtually unique to this group and a firm grasp of the essential elements is vital if the district nurse is going to handle the situation both professionally and well. The concept of â€Å"a good death† (Seale C et al. 2003) is one that is frequently cited in the modern literature and a fundamental prerequisite to a good death is that the patient is surr ounded and treated by healthcare professionals who have broad understanding of the psychological issues that are relevant to this spectrum of patient. (Wilkerson, S. A et al. 1996) There are many patients who confront the inevitability of death with a stoical inevitability that makes their management a relatively straightforward matter (Wadensten et al. 2003). The patients that we shall specifically consider in this segment however, are those who have a positive diagnosis of a life threatening condition but employ a number of coping mechanisms so that they do not have to directly confront the possibility of imminent death. These mechanisms can range from false optimism right through to frank and abject denial (Weeks et al 1998). We have already considered some of the ethical implications of autonomy and consent earlier in this essay, but they also are of great relevance in this section. It follows that if a patient is to have any degree of meaningful input into their treatment plans and consideration of the various options that are open to them, they must be both fully aware of, and quite prepared to confront, the implications of the situation that they find themselves in. If they chose to distort some or any of the relevant facts of the case, it equally follows that they cannot make a reasoned and rational decision about the options and choices that they have in front of them. Once again we return to the issue and concept of framing the presentation, the only difference here is that it is generally the patient who deliberately distorts the frame rather than it being distorted or manipulated by the healthcare professionals. This specifically is the issue that The and his colleagues considered in their paper (The et al. 2000). We should start a consideration of this issue however, with a reference to an earlier paper by Jennings (1997) who described the â€Å"emotional roller coaster† experienced by patients who deal with a malignant diagnosis and that this â€Å"evolution of emotional landscapes† can be predicted with a degree of certainty. This can be best examined with a verbatim extract from the The paper which refers to patients with small cell carcinoma of the lung: â€Å"False optimism about recovery is usually developed during the (first) course of chemotherapy and was most prevalent when the cancer could no longer be seen in the x ray pictures. This optimism tended to vanish when the tumour recurred, but it could develop again, though to a lesser extent, during further courses of chemotherapy. Patients gradually found out the facts about their poor prognosis, partly because of physical deterioration and partly through contact with fellow patients who were in a more advanced stage of the illness and were dying. False optimism about recovery was the result an association between doctors activism and patients adherence to the treatment calendar and to the recovery plot, which allowed them not to acknowledge explicitly what they should and could know. The doctor did and did not want to pronounce a death sentence and the patient did and did not want to hear it. Clearly an understanding of the psychology of what colours the patient’s reactions is vital to the district nurse if she is to handle this type of situation both professionally and empathetically. If we take a completely detached and dispassionate consideration of this situation the healthcare professional can say with almost complete certainty, that the patient with a positive diagnosis of small cell carcinoma of the lung is going to die. Statistically we know that over 90% of patients are dead within two years of diagnosis and the overall five year survival figures are nil. (Seale C et al. 2003) The practicality of the situation is therefore that it clearly makes sense to discuss options in terms of treatment, palliation and support as soon as a positive diagnosis is made. In real terms, this is rarely done because healthcare professionals frequently find it difficult to effectively pronounce a â€Å"death sentence† on patients. In this respect the psychology of the situation is as much a reflection of the attitudes and feelings of the healthcare professionals as it is of the patient. On a fictional level one can cite the classic literary example of A J Cronin’s Dr Findlay (Cronin A J 1934) who disagreed with his partner Dr Cameron. Dr Findlay felt strongly that the eponymous Mrs McIver should be told of her hopeless prognosis on the grounds of being completely truthful with the patient and this was against the advice of the older, more experienced partner, Dr Cameron who had been hitherto managing the situation by keeping the lady’s spirits high by telling her how well she was looking at each occasion he had contact with her. Dr Findlay confronts the situation by telling Mrs McIver the truth and within a few days she has died. The relevance of the story is seen at the end where Dr Findlay is depicted talking to the dead lady’s husband and Dr Findlay expresses his shock at the speed at which the old lady died and the husband concludes the episode by observing that: â€Å"She was doing really well until you took away from her the one thing that she had left – and that was hope†. In short, this episode highlights some of the difficulties and dilemmas that are frequently faced by healthcare professionals in general and district nurses in particular. The practicality of the situation could have been handled better with a more thorough understanding of the thought processes and psychological mechanisms employed by Mrs McIver in her last few weeks. One can see the point of view of Dr Findlay who took the view that the lady would not have been in any realistic position to make appropriate arrangements to confront her own death if she had never faced the possibility in the management plan that Dr Cameron had adopted. Dr Findlay’s approach could be argued to have allowed her to consider a number of timely treatment options if the truth was confronted. The fact of the matter was that she chose to actively collude with the optimistic approach of Dr Cameron and she derived strength and the ability to cope from the transparent belief (a cognitive distortion) that her prognosis was not hopeless. Dr Cameron was clearly of the opinion that this was of greater benefit to her than confronting her imminent death. What the story does not tell us (and we can only surmise) is that Dr Cameron, in common with many other real healthcare professionals, also has psychological difficulties in dealing with the subject himself. A number of different mechanisms may be active in this situation. It is possible that, by telling a patient that they are soon to die, it may challenge the notion that medical science can cure everything and that healthcare professionals are infallible (sadly, a still all to common belief). Equally it could be that the healthcare professionals involved do not like to be vicariously reminded of their own mortality and therefore collude willingly with the patient’s false optimism. Others again may take a rational view that â€Å"if the patient wants to know the truth then they will ask, if they don’t want to know then they won’t ask† and thereby actively avoid confronting the situation (Curtis J R. 2000) The The paper examines this issue in considerable depth with a commendable degree of scientific scrutiny. In the words of the paper, the authors suggest that: The problem of patient / doctor collusion does actually require an â€Å"active, patient orientated approach from the doctor†. A practical and novel solution to this problem is suggested in the form of the use of a â€Å"treatment broker† who is defined as: â€Å"a person who is trusted by both patient and doctor and who can help both parties to clarify and communicate their (otherwise implicit) assumptions and expectations†. The’s analysis suggested that the majority of patients in the study did actively want to know if the illness that they had was terminal with over 85% stating that they would wish to be told the truth rather than be given false optimism in an unrealistic fashion. This is contrasted with the finding that, in the study, when a patient was given a terminal diagnosis, the next question was almost invariably a variation of â€Å"what are the chances of a cure?† (Meredith et al 1996). It is also the case that other studies on the psychology of this type of situation have shown that when patients ask about their condition (and this applies not specifically to terminal conditions) they do not want to hear anything other than good news (Costain et al 1999). This argument is extrapolated even further in a study by Leydon and his co-workers (Leydon et al 2000) who provide an excellent qualitative study into patient’s reactions and they cite examples of patients who were interviewed directly after a recorded conversation with a healthcare professional and who overtly denied that they had been given a terminal diagnosis even though this was demonstrably not true. An interesting twist in these discussions of the psychology of the situation is provided by Dean (Dean 2002), who offers a specific insight into the way patients perceive the differences between nurses and other healthcare professionals. He takes the arguments of false optimism and overt denial and examines them further. Again, this paper is specifically concerned with the patient with a terminal diagnosis, and it looked at the differences in the content and tone of the conversations that patients had with both doctors and nurses. A significant finding from this paper was that a patient may choose to overtly collude with the doctor during discussions of â€Å"a cure† but within a very short space of time may choose to talk in a much more open way with a nurse when pretences of a cure are actively dropped. Dean suggests that â€Å"such a dichotomy of approach is not unusual†. He suggests that: Patients may well feel a need for a theatrical faà §ade to bolster their own psychological states as well as to collude with the doctor and indicate that they are remaining positive and confident in the doctor’s ability to try to achieve a cure. And this suggestion is echoed and expanded in the Curtis paper (Curtis 2000) with the observation that, in their more candid moments patients may well wish to get a more â€Å"down to earthâ€Å" response, which they perceive that they will get from the nurse, who they think may not require a faà §ade or even indulge in the sophisticated game play of the doctor. Lynn (Lynn 2001) adds a counter-intuitive note of caution for the nurse with the thought that this situation requires a great deal of careful handling by the nurse, as the psychological mechanism that underlies the nursing approach is that the patient may actually be looking for reassurance and (possibly unexpected) reinforcement of their own false optimism. This is an exemplification of the constant calls in the literature for a holistic and patient centred approach to patient care rather than a blanket approach to this type of clinical problem. The rest of The’s paper is concerned with the psychological theory behind the explanations of just why it is that patients do adopt these defensive positions and just why it is that healthcare professionals frequently collude with them on this issue. It is not particularly relevant to explore this in any further detail as the point is clearly made that a basic understanding of the mechanisms by which patients cope with their adversity and the psychological constructs that are frequently presented in these circumstances is of great importance to the nurse who has to deal with, interpret and empathise with the patient’s particular needs at any given time in their illness trajectory. Nurses are often involved, both overtly and in their everyday work, in the business of Health Promotion. Psychology plays a very important part in the overall success and implementation of health promotion strategies on a both a population and an individual level. The theoretical basis of much recent work in the field of Health Promotion is in the concept of the Attitude-Behaviour theory (A-B theory) (Rise J 2000). This theory suggests that the optimum change in behaviour patterns (at least in the field of health and self-interest) is achieved with the optimum change in attitude (or â€Å"realignment† in the jargon). We opened this essay with a reference to the Theory of Rational Choice. An offshoot of this theory (the Theory of Reasoned Action) modifies the A-B Theory to the extent that it provides a model framework by which one can assess the many divergent processes by which attitudes guide behaviour. The hypothesis states that if people can become highly motivated to make a correct decision and are in a position (because they have been given relevant information), then they are likely to spontaneously engage in a â€Å"deliberate and thoughtful process in deciding how to behave† (Rise J 2000). In the context of Health Education (which was the field that the theories were originally developed in) the theory suggests that if people are given sufficient and persuasive information in relation to their health, then a significant proportion will spontaneously indulge in lifestyle changing activity which can be consistent with healthier living. The significance of these theories is that, if t he nurse has a remit to promote a healthier lifestyle (which is arguably part of a professional remit), she is most likely to have the greatest success in providing significant amounts of information to patients rather than simply dictating to them how they should alter their lifestyle without any significant explanation. This comment effectively brings us full circle to the concept of compliance and conformance as postulated by Marinker. Another issue that has deep seated psychological implications, is the current trend towards teambuilding in primary health care. The ramifications of this concept are huge, and therefore we intend to only discuss the issue by considering a number of the most relevant points. To a large extent, team building overlaps with the concept of multidisciplinary team working. This move has required a redistribution of both power and authority (and thereby a redistribution of responsibility) within the team. (Shortell S M et al. 1998).The psychological implications of this are that if one considers the NHS of more than about twenty years ago its structure was more isolationist and based on individual practice (DHSS 1988). Individual speciality teams and individuals worked in a degree of comparative isolation and this also implied a greater degree of individual responsibility than they have at present. This change has brought about a number of major changes in areas such as ethics and work prac tices which are not particularly relevant to our topic in this essay (and therefore will not be discussed further), and also the psychology of working, which clearly is. The first consideration is the psychology behind the concept of leadership. Leadership is clearly important if one is to have an effective team. In psychological terms styles of leadership can be divided into several categories. The two most prominent being congruent leadership and transformational leadership. A full discus